humboldti derives mainly from the incidental capture or analysis of dead specimens of this penguin, its parasites have been poorly studied until now ( Mann, 1992 González-Acuña et al., 2008 Yáñez et al., 2012). Since the available information regarding species parasitizing S. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies this species as vulnerable since it has undergone extreme population size fluctuations at major colonies and there is probably an on-going, underlying rapid decline in numbers ( BirdLife International, 2017). humboldti lives mostly coastal islands and nest in a variety of sites including caves burrows, under vegetation and rocks. It is distributed from Foca Island (5☁2'S, 81☁2'W), in northern Perú to Isla Metalqui (42☁2'S 74☁0'W) on the west coast of Chiloé Island, Chile ( De la Puente et al., 2013). The Humboldt penguin Spheniscus humboldti (Meyen, 1834) is an endemic oceanic seabird from the west coast of South America.
Keywords: Spheniscus humboldti parasites life cycles pathology Chile humboldti a vulnerable species, it is necessary to continue with parasitological studies in this penguin to clarify the role of parasites in the health of these birds.
humboldti as a definitive host in the life cycles of the parasites reported in this study. The results demonstrate the participation of S. humboldti parasitic fauna was lower than that reported for other species of penguins. All the parasites identified corresponded to genera already informed in S. Parasitism was observed in 29.57% of live specimens and 51.76% of necropsied birds. The gastrointestinal helminths Tetrabothrius eudyptidis (Lönnberg, 1896), Cardiocephaloides physalis (Lutz, 1926), Contracaecum pelagicum (Johnston & Mawson, 1942) and Cosmocephalus obvelatus (Creplin, 1825) were identified by both methods. The parasitic infection was determined by coproparasitic methods in live specimens and by necropsy in dead penguins. This study reports the parasitism of 156 specimens of Spheniscus humboldti rescued from beaches of the south-central coast of Chile, between January 2006 and June 2015, describing their potential forms of transmission and pathogenicity. The study of parasitism in penguins is relevant because it offers information on the biology and ecology of this host.
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